Effect of probiotics on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have yielded controversial results regarding the effect of probiotics on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. To clarify the efficacy of probiotics on cognition, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: Instructions of the PRISMA 2020 statement were followed. Literature from the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and manually screened for relevant published RCTs. We performed statistical analysis using RevMan, and assessed the risk of bias using the R software. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies comprising 852 patients with MCI or AD were identified. The results of meta-analysis showed that probiotics improved global cognitive function (SMD=0.67; 95% CI, 0.32, 1.02), recall/delayed memory (SMD=0.67; 95% CI: 0.32, 1.02), attention (SMD=0.31; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.58) and visuospatial/constructional (SMD=0.24; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.42) cognitive domain. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found that probiotic supplementation is associated with an improvement in cognitive performance among patients with AD and MCI. However, current evidence is limited, and more reliable large-scale RCTs with higher methodological quality are needed.

Evaluation of the efficacy of probiotics as treatment in irritable bowel syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal functional disorder mainly characterised by abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel habits. Dysbiosis might seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Probiotics represent a potential treatment, since these could favour the functional microbiota and improve symptoms. The aim was to review the effectiveness of the use of probiotics in IBS symptomatology, analysing the influence of duration and dose. 18 articles were included. At the individual level, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus could be useful in the treatment of symptoms. Bifidobacterium bifidum reported the best results (1 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). The most effective combination was 2 Lactobacillus strains, one of Bifidobacterium and one of Streptococcus (4 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). Future clinical trials should confirm these results and analyse the difference between individual and combined treatments.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia / Rastreando espécies bacterianas produtoras de probióticos de intestino de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis), sudeste da Ásia

Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Use of probiotics and similar in pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a systematic review / Uso de probióticos e similares em pacientes pediátricos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, evaluating the effect of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Data source: The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases were searched. Randomized clinical trials of pediatric patients with DM1 using probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics were included, regardless of year or language of publication. Studies that did not evaluate glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were excluded. Metabolic results (HbA1c, total insulin dose and C-peptide) and inflammatory control [interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] during probiotic supplementation or similar, related to modification of the intestinal microbiota, were analyzed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022384485. Data synthesis: Five studies were selected for a systematic review. Regarding metabolic markers, only one of the articles that analyzed HbA1c showed a significant decrease (p=0.03) in the intervention group. One study identified a reduction in the total dose of insulin and increased C-peptide levels. Regarding the evaluation of inflammatory parameters (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), there were no statistical relevant modifications. Conclusions: Current data from the literature were not conclusive in identifying an improvement in glycemic control and did not observe changes in inflammatory parameters with the use of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics in pediatric patients with T1DM.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados avaliando o efeito da suplementação de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos no controle glicêmico e inflamatório em crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Fontes de dados: As bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) foram pesquisadas. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados de pacientes pediátricos com DM1 em uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos, independentemente de ano ou idioma de publicação. Foram excluídos os trabalhos que não avaliaram hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Os resultados metabólicos (HbA1c, dose de insulina total e peptídeo C) e o controle inflamatório [interleucina-10 — IL-10), fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e interferon-gama (IFN-γ)] durante a suplementação de probióticos ou similares, relacionados à modificação da microbiota intestinal, foram analisados. ID PROSPERO: CRD42022384485. Síntese dos dados: Cinco estudos foram selecionados para revisão sistemática. Com relação aos marcadores metabólicos, apenas um dos artigos que analisaram a HbA1c apresentou diminuição significativa (p=0,03) no grupo intervenção. Um estudo identificou redução da dose total de insulina e aumento dos níveis de peptídeo C. Quanto à avaliação dos parâmetros inflamatórios (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), não houve modificações de relevância estatística. Conclusões: Os dados atuais da literatura não foram conclusivos em identificar melhora no controle glicêmico e não observaram mudanças nos parâmetros inflamatórios com o uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos em pacientes pediátricos com DM1.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia

Abstract Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Resumo Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Treating asthma patients with probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Tratamiento de pacientes asmáticos con probióticos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Objective: to evaluate the role of probiotics in the treatment of asthma patients by meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and other databases were searched by computer, and the relevant literature on the treatment of asthma by probiotics that met the inclusion criteria was screened by manual retrieval. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software and the combined effect was evaluated by odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results: a total of ten references were included, all of which were randomized controlled studies, and a total of 1,101 people were investigated. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) (MD = -7.17, 95 % CI: -12.81, -1.54), asthma symptom severity (MD = -0.07, 95 % CI: -0.10, -0.04), Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) (MD = 2.26, 95 % CI: 1.14, 3.39), and the number of acute episodes of asthma (OR = 0.30, 95 % CI: 0.19, 0.47) in the probiotics group were better than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (MD = 0.11, 95 % CI: -0.05, 0.26) and FEV1/FVC (%) (MD = 0.32, 95 % CI: -1.48, 2.12). Conclusion: the use of probiotics in patients with asthma can improve lung inflammation and asthma symptoms, reduce the number of asthma attacks, and have no effect on lung function.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar el papel de los probióticos en el tratamiento de pacientes con asma mediante metaanálisis.Métodos: se realizaron búsquedas informáticas en PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science y otras bases de datos, y se examinó la literatura relevante sobre el tratamiento del asma con probióticos que cumplía con los criterios de inclusión mediante recuperación manual. El metaanálisis se realizó con el software Revman 5.4 y el efecto combinado se evaluó mediante la razón de probabilidades (OR) o diferencia media (MD) y el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Resultados: se incluyó un total de diez referencias, todas ellas estudios controlados aleatorios, y se investigó un total de 1.101 personas. El óxido nítrico exhalado (FeNO) (MD = -7,17, IC 95 %: -12,81, -1,54), la gravedad de los síntomas del asma (MD = -0,07, IC 95 %: -0,10, -0,04), la Prueba de Control del Asma (CACT-ACT) (MD = 2,26, IC 95 %: 1,14, 3,39) y el número de episodios agudos de asma (OR = 0,30, IC 95 %: 0,19, 0,47) en el grupo de probióticos fueron mejores que en el grupo de control. No hubo diferencia significativa en volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) (DM = 0,11, IC 95 %: -0,05, 0,26) y FEV1/FVC (%) (DM = 0,32, IC 95 %: -1,48, 2,12). Conclusión: el uso de probióticos en pacientes con asma puede mejorar la inflamación pulmonar y los síntomas del asma, reducir el número de ataques de asma y no tener efecto sobre la función pulmonar.(AU)

Probióticos y prebióticos en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca / Probiotics and prebiotics for patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity

La enfermedad celíaca y la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca han tenido un aumento en su incidencia, esto las ha convertido en tema de interés en la búsqueda de enfoques terapéuticos innovadores que ayuden a mejorar los síntomas intestinales y extraintestinales. Esta revisión pretende determinar los efectos del uso de probióticos y prebióticos en la enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos HINARI, PubMed y Scopus en idioma español e inglés, se incluyeron artículos originales y de revisión con un máximo de cinco años desde su publicación. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos para la enfermedad celíaca ha mostrado beneficios restaurando la composición del microbiota intestinal, en especial con el uso de Lactobacilli y Bifidobacterium spp.; en la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca, el uso se ve limitado al no conocer con exactitud su fisiopatología; no obstante, se propone como mejor pauta terapéutica una dieta libre de gluten. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos podría aliviar los síntomas gastrointestinales y mejorar la disbiosis en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que evidencien los beneficios de su uso como alternativa terapéutica

Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity are entities that have shown an increase in incidence, making them a topic of interest to provide innovative therapeutic approaches and improve intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. This review intends to determine the effects of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A narrative review was undertaken by searching for original and review articles no older than five years since publication through data bases consulted: HINARI, PubMed and Scopus in Spanish and English. The use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease has shown benefits by restoring the composition of the intestinal microbiota, especially with the use of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium spp.; in non-celiac gluten sensitivity, its use is limited as its pathophysiology is not exactly known, therefore, a gluten-free diet is currently considered to be the best therapeutic guideline. The use of probiotics and prebiotics could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and improve dysbiosis in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits of its use as a therapeutic alternative

La administración prolongada de probióticos podría disminuir la frecuencia de infecciones respiratorias / Prolonged administration of probiotics may decrease the frequency of respiratory infections

Los probióticos pueden reducir la cantidad de niños diagnosticados con al menos una infección respiratoria de vías superiores (IVRS) en aproximadamente un 21%; probablemente, pueden reducir el número de niños diagnosticados con al menos tres IVRS en alrededor del 38%; pueden reducir la tasa de incidencia (número de casos nuevos durante un periodo de tiempo específico) de IVRS en alrededor del 18%; probablemente, pueden reducir el número de niños que usaron antibióticos para las IVRS en aproximadamente un 22%; y es posible que no aumenten la cantidad de personas que experimentaron efectos secundarios (cualquier daño). La evidencia que muestra una disminución en el número de niños que faltan a la guardería o a la escuela debido a las IVRS agudas con probióticos es muy incierta (AU)

Probiotics can reduce the number of children diagnosed with at least one upper respiratory infection (URTI) by approximately 21%; they can probably reduce the number of children diagnosed with at least three IVRS by about 38%; they can reduce the incidence rate (number of new cases during a specified period of time) of URTIs by about 18%; they can probably reduce the number of children using antibiotics for URTIs by about 22%; and the number of people experiencing side effects (any harm) may not increase. The evidence showing a decrease in the number of children missing daycare or school due to acute URTIs with probiotics is very uncertain. (AU)

Use of probiotics in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial / Uso de probióticos em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise: um ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Introduction: Supplementation with probiotics for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be associated with decreased systemic inflammation. Objective: To assess the impact of oral supplementation with probiotics for patients with CKD on hemodialysis. Method: This double-blind randomized clinical trial included 70 patients on hemodialysis; 32 were given oral supplementation with probiotics and 38 were in the placebo group. Blood samples were collected at the start of the study and patients were given oral supplementation with probiotics or placebo for three months. The probiotic supplement comprised four strains of encapsulated Gram-positive bacteria: Lactobacillus Plantarum A87, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum A218 and Bifidobacterium longum A101. Patients were given one capsule per day for 3 months. Blood samples were taken throughout the study to check for inflammatory biomarkers. Non-traditional biomarkers Syndecan-1, IFN-y, NGAL, and cystatin C were measured using an ELISA kit, along with biochemical parameters CRP, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, PTH, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and urea. Results: Patients given supplementation with probiotics had significant decreases in serum levels of syndecan-1 (239 ± 113 to 184 ± 106 ng/mL, p = 0.005); blood glucose levels also decreased significantly (162 ± 112 to 146 ± 74 mg/dL, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Administration of probiotics to patients with advanced CKD was associated with decreases in syndecan-1 and blood glucose levels, indicating potential improvements in metabolism and decreased systemic inflammation.

Resumo Introdução: A suplementação com probióticos na doença renal crônica (DRC) pode estar associada à redução do processo inflamatório sistêmico. Objetivo: Avaliar a suplementação oral com probióticos em pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise. Método: Ensaio clínico, duplo cego, randomizado com 70 pacientes em hemodiálise, sendo 32 do grupo que recebeu o suplemento de probióticos e 38 do grupo placebo. Inicialmente ocorreu a coleta de sangue e suplementação oral com probióticos ou placebo durante três meses. O suplemento probiótico foi composto pela combinação de 4 cepas de bactérias Gram-positivas encapsuladas: Lactobacillus Plantarum A87, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum A218 e Bifidobacterium longum A101, sendo 1 cápsula do suplemento ao dia, durante 3 meses. Após esse período foram feitas novas coletas de sangue para dosagem dos biomarcadores inflamatórios. Foram analisados os biomarcadores não tradicionais: Syndecan-1, IFN-y, NGAL e cistatina C pelo método ELISA, e os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos: PCR, cálcio, fósforo, potássio, PTH, TGP, hematócrito, hemoglobina, glicose e ureia. Resultados: Os pacientes que receberam suplemento tiveram diminuição significativa dos níveis séricos de syndecan-1 (de 239 ± 113 para 184 ± 106 ng/mL, p = 0,005). Outro parâmetro que diminuiu significativamente nos pacientes que receberam suplemento foi a glicemia (de 162 ± 112 para 146 ± 74 mg/dL, p = 0,02). Conclusão: O uso de probióticos na DRC avançada esteve associado à redução dos níveis de syndecan-1 e glicemia, sinalizando possível melhora no metabolismo e redução do processo inflamatório sistêmico.

Preparation of a probiotic quinoa beverage by enzymatic hydrolysis of its starches and subsequent lactic acid fermentation / Elaboración de una bebida probiótica de quinua por hidrólisis enzimática de sus almidones y posterior fermentación ácido láctica

Background: The concern about consuming healthy foods has increased in recent years. Not only are they expected to comply with essential feeding functions, but they also provide health benefits. Probiotics are one of the main functional components expected to be present in functional foods and beverages. They provide many health benefits and stand out due to their metabolic capacities and adaptability to different habitats. In addition, Quinoa seeds contain valuable quantities of quality protein and nutritional values of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, and mineral substances for which they are considered an ideal dietary alternative. Objectives: This research aimed to elaborate on a probiotic quinoa beverage, which combines the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of the starches obtained from its seeds with lactic acid fermentation using probiotic cultures, seeking to enhance its nutritional properties and converting it into a functional beverage. Methods: For this, fermentations were carried out in three different concentrations of probiotic cultures (inoculum): 10%, 5%, 1%, and three other different fermentation times: 8, 10, and 12 hours. pH, Total titrable acidity expressed as lactic acid (%), reducing sugars, and soluble solids were measured. After that, the beverage was formulated with honey, carob, preservatives, and mango flavoring. Results: Statistical analysis indicated optimal conditions were achieved with 10% probiotic cultures and 10 hours of fermentation. The microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of probiotic microorganisms at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL. Proximal analysis indicated that the composition contained 84.6 Kcal, 19.3 g of carbohydrates, and 1.4 g of protein per 100 g of beverage. Conclusions: The probiotic quinoa beverage was produced and can be considered in the group of plant-based foods, as well as a functional beverage, since the probiotic cultures it contains contribute to maintaining the intestinal microbiota and prevent the onset of chronic diseases.

Antecedentes: La preocupación por el consumo alimentos saludables ha aumentado en los últimos años. No solo se espera que cumplan con las funciones esenciales de alimentación, sino que también brinden beneficios para la salud. Los probióticos son uno de los principales componentes funcionales que se espera que estén presentes en los alimentos y bebidas funcionales. Aportan múltiples beneficios para la salud y destacan por sus capacidades metabólicas y adaptabilidad a diferentes hábitats. Además, las semillas de quinua contienen valiosas cantidades de proteína de notable calidad, valores nutricionales de carbohidratos, proteínas, grasas, fibras y sustancias minerales por lo que se consideran una alternativa dietética ideal. Objetivos: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar una bebida probiótica de quinua, que combina el efecto de la hidrólisis enzimática de los almidones obtenidos de sus semillas con la fermentación láctica utilizando cultivos probióticos, buscando potenciar sus propiedades nutricionales y convertirla en una bebida funcional. Métodos: Para ello se realizaron fermentaciones en tres concentraciones diferentes de cultivos probióticos (inóculo): 10%, 5%, 1%, y tres distintos tiempos de fermentación: 8, 10 y 12 horas. Se midió pH, Acidez titulable total expresada como ácido láctico (%), azúcares reductores y sólidos solubles. Posteriormente, se formuló la bebida con miel, algarrobina, conservantes y saborizante de mango. Resultados: El análisis estadístico indicó que se lograron condiciones óptimas con 10% de cultivos probióticos y 10 horas de fermentación. El análisis microbiológico confirmó la presencia de microorganismos probióticos a una concentración de 108 UFC/mL. El análisis proximal indicó que la composición contenía 84,6 Kcal, 19,3 g de carbohidratos y 1,4 g de proteína por 100 g de bebida. Conclusiones: la bebida probiótica de quinua fue elaborada y puede ser considerada en el grupo de alimentos de origen vegetal, así como una bebida funcional, ya que los cultivos probióticos que contiene contribuyen al mantenimiento de la microbiota intestinal y previenen la aparición de enfermedades crónicas.

Treating asthma patients with probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Objective: To evaluate the role of probiotics in the treatment of asthma patients by meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and other databases were searched by computer, and the relevant literature on the treatment of asthma by probiotics that met the inclusion criteria was screened by manual retrieval. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software and the combined effect was evaluated by odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results: a total of ten references were included, all of which were randomized controlled studies, and a total of 1,101 people were investigated. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) (MD = -7.17, 95 % CI: -12.81, -1.54), asthma symptom severity (MD = -0.07, 95 % CI: -0.10, -0.04), Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) (MD = 2.26, 95 % CI: 1.14, 3.39), and the number of acute episodes of asthma (OR = 0.30, 95 % CI: 0.19, 0.47) in the probiotics group were better than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (MD = 0.11, 95 % CI: -0.05, 0.26) and FEV1/FVC (%) (MD = 0.32, 95 % CI: -1.48, 2.12). Conclusion: the use of probiotics in patients with asthma can improve lung inflammation and asthma symptoms, reduce the number of asthma attacks, and have no effect on lung function.

Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar el papel de los probióticos en el tratamiento de pacientes con asma mediante metaanálisis. Métodos: se realizaron búsquedas informáticas en PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science y otras bases de datos, y se examinó la literatura relevante sobre el tratamiento del asma con probióticos que cumplía con los criterios de inclusión mediante recuperación manual. El metaanálisis se realizó con el software Revman 5.4 y el efecto combinado se evaluó mediante la razón de probabilidades (OR) o diferencia media (MD) y el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Resultados: se incluyó un total de diez referencias, todas ellas estudios controlados aleatorios, y se investigó un total de 1.101 personas. El óxido nítrico exhalado (FeNO) (MD = -7,17, IC 95 %: -12,81, -1,54), la gravedad de los síntomas del asma (MD = -0,07, IC 95 %: -0,10, -0,04), la Prueba de Control del Asma (CACT-ACT) (MD = 2,26, IC 95 %: 1,14, 3,39) y el número de episodios agudos de asma (OR = 0,30, IC 95 %: 0,19, 0,47) en el grupo de probióticos fueron mejores que en el grupo de control. No hubo diferencia significativa en volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) (DM = 0,11, IC 95 %: -0,05, 0,26) y FEV1/FVC (%) (DM = 0,32, IC 95 %: -1,48, 2,12). Conclusión: el uso de probióticos en pacientes con asma puede mejorar la inflamación pulmonar y los síntomas del asma, reducir el número de ataques de asma y no tener efecto sobre la función pulmonar.

Proceso de atención de enfermería en el cuidado al paciente COVID-19 / Nursing process of care in patient care COVID-19 / Processo de cuidados de enfermagem no cuidado ao paciente COVID-19

El microbiota intestinal se encuentra constituida por más un millón de microorganismos entre los cuales las bacterias son de mayor prevalencia. Esta microbiota depende directamente de la localización exacta a lo largo del tubo digestivo, siendo la porción del colon la que alberga la mayor cantidad del microorganismo de la flora. El microbiota de la piel guarda relación directa con el microbiota del intestino por los diversos mecanismos existentes en la formación de la misma. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el uso de probióticos y prebióticos en tratamiento de patología cutáneas y la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y enfermedades de la piel. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de la literatura científica de la relación del microbiota intestinal en patologías cutáneas. Se concluyó que el uso de probióticos y prebióticos juegan un papel importante en enfermedad cutáneas es especial de tipo inflamatoria.

The intestinal microbiota is constituted by more than one million microorganisms among which bacteria are the most prevalent. This microbiota is directly dependent on the exact location along the digestive tract, with the colon portion harboring the largest amount of the microorganism flora. The skin microbiota is directly related to the gut microbiota by the various mechanisms involved in its formation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the use of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of skin pathology and the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and skin diseases. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and skin pathologies was carried out. It was concluded that the use of probiotics and prebiotics play an important role in skin diseases, especially inflammatory ones.

A microbiota intestinal é formada por mais de um milhão de microorganismos entre os quais as bactérias são as mais prevalentes. Esta microbiota depende diretamente da localização exata ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, sendo que a porção de cólon abriga a maior quantidade da flora de microorganismos. A microbiota da pele está diretamente relacionada à microbiota intestinal pelos diversos mecanismos envolvidos em sua formação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso de probióticos e prebióticos no tratamento da patologia da pele e a relação entre a microbiota intestinal e as doenças de pele. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura científica sobre a relação entre microbiota intestinal e patologias da pele. Concluiu-se que o uso de probióticos e prebióticos desempenha um papel importante nas doenças de pele, especialmente nas doenças inflamatórias da pele.

Relación de la microbiota intestinal con enfermedades autoinmunes / Relationship of the intestinal microbiota with autoimmune diseases / Relação da microbiota intestinal com doenças autoimunes

La microbiota intestinal es la colección de microorganismos que habitan el sistema gastrointestinal de un ser humano. Estos microorganismos incluyen bacterias, virus, hongos y otros patógenos. La microbiota intestinal juega un papel importante en la salud general del cuerpo, ya que puede influir en el sistema inmune, la digestión y la absorción de nutrientes, y la producción de ciertas vitaminas. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y enfermedades autoinmunes donde los microorganismos de la flora juegan un papel fundamental en la regulación de los diferentes mecanismos de defensa. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, fue recopilada y clasificada la información usando el protocolo PRISMA, con la relación de la microbiota intestinal con enfermedades autoinmunes, cuyo algoritmo de búsqueda: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) entre los años 2017-2022. Finalmente, se encontraron 167 artículos. Conclusión. La microbiota intestinal puede tener una relación importante con el desarrollo y la progresión de algunas enfermedades autoinmunes, y el tratamiento con probióticos y prebióticos puede tener un efecto beneficioso en el curso de estas enfermedades, donde los microorganismos de la flora intestinal pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la regulación del sistema inmune del cuerpo.

The intestinal microbiota is the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal system of a human being. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the overall health of the body, as it can influence the immune system, digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the production of certain vitamins. Objective. To determine the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and autoimmune diseases where the microorganisms of the flora play a fundamental role in the regulation of the different defense mechanisms. Methodology. A systematic review was performed, information was collected and classified using the PRISMA protocol, with the relationship of intestinal microbiota with autoimmune diseases, whose search algorithm: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) between the years 2017-2022. Finally, 167 articles were found. Conclusion. Gut microbiota may have an important relationship with the development and progression of some autoimmune diseases, and treatment with probiotics and prebiotics may have a beneficial effect on the course of these diseases, where gut flora microorganisms may play a crucial role in regulating the body's immune system.

A microbiota intestinal é o conjunto de microrganismos que habitam o sistema gastrointestinal de um ser humano. Esses microrganismos incluem bactérias, vírus, fungos e outros agentes patogênicos. A microbiota intestinal desempenha um papel importante na saúde geral do corpo, pois pode influenciar o sistema imunológico, a digestão e a absorção de nutrientes e a produção de determinadas vitaminas. Objetivo. Determinar a relação entre a microbiota intestinal e as doenças autoimunes, nas quais os microrganismos da flora desempenham um papel fundamental na regulação dos diferentes mecanismos de defesa. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, as informações foram coletadas e classificadas utilizando o protocolo PRISMA, com a relação da microbiota intestinal com doenças autoimunes, cujo algoritmo de busca: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) entre os anos de 2017-2022. Ao final, foram encontrados 167 artigos. Conclusões. A microbiota intestinal pode ter uma relação importante com o desenvolvimento e a progressão de algumas doenças autoimunes, e o tratamento com probióticos e prebióticos pode ter um efeito benéfico no curso dessas doenças, em que os microrganismos da flora intestinal podem desempenhar um papel crucial na regulação do sistema imunológico do corpo.

Effect of probiotic therapy on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis / Efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura

INTRODUCTION: As periodontitis is caused by dysbiotic biofilm, it is believed that therapy with probiotics can act to control the mechanisms of adhesion and colonization, competing with invading microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate probiotic therapy effect on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS: 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): Control Group (CG); Periodontal disease (PD); Probiotic (PROB); PD + probiotic (PDPRO). PD and PDPRO received a ligature over the first lower molars and PROB and PDPRO the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus based were given orally for 44 days. The animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for evaluation of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The hemimandibles were collected for histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. The duodenum was removed for morphological evaluation and gingival tissue around the molars was collected for analysis of IL-17. RESULTS: The ANOVA one-way test was used followed by Tukey Test. PDPRO had a significantly lower bone loss than the PD (p<0.05) and a smaller number of osteoclasts on PDPRO when compared to the PD. As for IL-17, there was a decrease in the PDPRO when compared to the PD. The histomorphometry of the duodenum showed that there was a significant increase in the width of the villi in PROB only. CONCLUSION: The therapy with probiotics was effective to avoid the development of periodontitis by reducing alveolar bone loss and inflammation modulation and increasing the width of the duodenum villi, which may help to restabilize the balance of the gastrointestinal tract.

INTRODUÇÃO: Como a periodontite é causada por biofilme disbiótico, acredita-se que a terapia com probióticos possa atuar no controle dos mecanismos de adesão e colonização, competindo com microrganismos invasores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=8): Grupo Controle (GC); Doença periodontal (PD); Probiótico (PROB); PD + probiótico (PDPRO). PD e PDPRO receberam ligadura sobre os primeiros molares inferiores e PROB e PDPRO, o probiótico à base de Lactobacillus acidophilus dado via oral por 44 dias. Os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliação das concentrações de triglicerídeos e colesterol total. As hemimandíbulas foram coletadas para análise histomorfométrica e radiográfica. O duodeno foi removido para avaliação morfológica e o tecido gengival ao redor dos molares foi coletado para análise de IL-17. RESULTADOS: Foi usado Teste ANOVA seguido pelo Teste de Tukey. PDPRO teve uma perda óssea significativamente menor do que o PD (p<0.05) e um menor número de osteoclastos no PDPRO quando comparado ao PD. Já para IL-17, houve diminuição do PDPRO em relação ao PD. A histomorfometria do duodeno mostrou que houve aumento significativo da largura das vilosidades no PROB somente. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia com probiótico foi eficaz para evitar o desenvolvimento de periodontite por reduzir a perda óssea alveolar e a modulação da inflamação e aumentar a largura das vilosidades duodenais, o que pode ajudar a estabilizar o equilíbrio do trato gastrointestinal.

Intervenções terapêuticas na microbiota intestinal e as mudanças dos sintomas do transtorno do espectro autista / Therapeutic interventions in the intestinal microbiota and changes in autism spectrum disorder symptoms / Intervenciones terapéuticas en la microbiota intestinal y cambios en los síntomas del trastorno del espectro autista

Objetivo: Oferecer uma visão geral sobre os efeitos que as intervenções com o uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou Transplante de Microbiota Fecal (TMF) e suas combinações provocam nos sintomas neurocomportamentais e gastrointestinais (GI) em indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa (RI) da literatura nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e Scopus, a partir dos descritores "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation" e "fecal transplantation", utilizando os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Foram selecionados apenas artigos dos anos de 2013 a 2022, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol e que possuíam relação direta com o tema. Resultados: Foram analisados 24 artigos na íntegra, dos quais 14 obedeciam aos critérios de inclusão e tiveram seus resultados analisados na presente revisão. Desses, dois relataram melhora dos sintomas GI com uso de probiótico, prebiótico e/ou TMF, nove mencionaram melhora tanto dos sintomas GI como dos neurocomportamentais com as terapias utilizadas e os outros três avaliaram a mudança dos sintomas neurocomportamentais. Conclusão: As terapias com probióticos, prebióticos e TMF possuem um efeito promissor na modificação da microbiota e na melhora dos sintomas neurocomportamentais e GI em pessoas com TEA.

Objective: To provide an overview of the effects that interventions with the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation and their combinations have on neurobehavioral and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methodology: An integrative review of the literature was conducted on the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Scopus platforms using the descriptors "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation", and "fecal transplantation", using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Only articles published between 2013 and 2022 in Portuguese, English, or Spanish and directly related to the topic were selected. Results: Twenty-four articles were fully analyzed, of which fourteen met the inclusion criteria and had their results analyzed in this review. Of these, two reported improvement in GI symptoms with the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and/or fecal microbiota transplantation, nine mentioned improvement in both GI and neurobehavioral symptoms with the therapies used, and the other three evaluated the change in neurobehavioral symptoms. Conclusion: Probiotic, prebiotic, and fecal microbiota transplantation therapies have a promising effect on modifying the microbiota and improving neurobehavioral and GI symptoms in individuals with ASD.

Objetivo: Proporcionar una visión general de los efectos que las intervenciones con el uso de probióticos, prebióticos o trasplante de microbiota fecal y sus combinaciones tienen sobre los síntomas neuroconductuales y gastrointestinales (GI) en individuos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura en las plataformas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y Scopus utilizando los descriptores "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation" y "fecal transplantation", utilizando los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Solo se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre 2013 y 2022 en portugués, inglés o español y directamente relacionados con el tema. Resultados: Veinticuatro artículos fueron analizados en su totalidad, de los cuales catorce cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y sus resultados fueron analizados en esta revisión. De estos, dos reportaron mejoría en los síntomas GI con el uso de probióticos, prebióticos y/o trasplante de microbiota fecal, nueve mencionaron mejoría tanto en los síntomas GI como neuroconductuales con las terapias utilizadas, y los otros tres evaluaron el cambio en los síntomas neuroconductuales. Conclusiones: Las terapias con probióticos, prebióticos y trasplante de microbiota fecal tienen un efecto prometedor en la modificación de la microbiota y la mejora de los síntomas neuroconductuales y GI en individuos con TEA. PALABRAS CLAVE: Autismo; Microbiota; Prebióticos; Probióticos; Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal.

Relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Una revisión narrativa / Relationship between microbiota composition and essential hypertension. A narrative review

La hipertensión arterial esencial es una patología de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y uno de los determinantes más significativos para enfermedad cardiovascular. Por otra parte, se ha generado un gran interés por la microbiota del cuerpo, y la forma en que se ve alterada por factores tanto internos como externos, ocasionando disbiosis. En la actualidad se viene estudiando el efecto de la microbiota en diferentes enfermedades, entre ellas, la relación entre la microbiota y la hipertensión. En este artículo se hizo una revisión de la literatura, entre 2010 a 2021, con el objetivo de identificar la evidencia científica que sustenta la relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Se encontró en muchos estudios que los hipertensos tenían una diversidad menor de la microbiota, en comparación con los grupos de control sanos. En los hipertensos se encontraron principalmente bacterias del género Prevotella y en el grupo control predominaba el género Bacteroidetes. Adicionalmente, se observó una disminución de Faecalibacterium, Roseburia y Bifidobacterium en el grupo de hipertensos. Existen varias técnicas de laboratorio para el reconocimiento de la población bacteriana del intestino, tales como la secuenciación de la subunidad de ARNr 16S, la secuenciación del genoma completo y la metagenómica de la microbiota. A pesar de que los estudios realizados sobre la relación microbiota e hipertensión concluyen que existe una relación significativa entre ambas, es necesario hacer más investigaciones en diferentes grupos poblacionales

Essential arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent pathology worldwide and is one of the most significant determinants of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, great interest has been generated in the microbiota of the body, and how it is altered by both internal and external factors, causing dysbiosis. Currently, the effect of the microbiota in different diseases is being studied, including the relationship between the microbiota and hypertension. In this article, a review of the literature was made, between 2010 and 2021, with the objective of identifying the scientific evidence that supports the relationship between the composition of the microbiota and essential arterial hypertension. It was found in many studies that individuals with high blood pressure had lower microbiota diversity compared to healthy control groups. In hypertensive patients, bacteria of the genus Prevotella were mainly found, while in the control group the genus Bacteroidetes predominated. Additionally, a decrease in Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium was observed in the hypertensive group. There are several laboratory techniques for the analysis of the intestinal bacterial population, such as 16S rRNA subunit sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and microbiota metagenomics. Despite the fact that the studies conclude that there is a significant relationship between microbiota and hypertension, it is necessary to do more research in different population groups

Cambios en la microbiota durante el embarazo: revisión narrativa / Changes in the microbiota during pregnancy: a narrative review

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evidencia científica de los cambios en la microbiota durante el embarazo. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión de la bibliografía publicada entre el 2013 y el 2022 efectuada mediante la búsqueda de artículos científicos escritos en español e inglés resguardados en las bases de datos bibliográficas NICE, CENETEC-SALUD, BIREME y Portal OMS, OPS, Portal de Evidencias de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud - BVS, LILACS, BIREME, EVIPNET, PubMed y Cochrane. La selección de artículos se basó en los descriptores: microbiota; embarazo-pregnancy; microbiota, gut microbiome, fetus-feto; microbiota, placenta; microbiota, combinadas entre sí con el operador boleano "and". RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 3038 posibles artículos y 137 se encontraron adecuados para el objetivo de la revisión en virtud de estar relacionados directamente con el embarazo y la microbiota. Se revisaron estudios transversales, ensayos, revisiones, cohortes, casos y controles, revisiones sistemáticas o matanálisis. CONCLUSIONES: La microbiota se encuentra en diversos tejidos u órganos que anteriormente se creían estériles durante el embarazo. Se sugiere que todos los cambios que implica esta etapa pueden influir en la microbiota de la madre y el feto. A pesar de las crecientes investigaciones en el área aún quedan preguntas por contestar para ayudar a solucionar el enigma de los cambios en la diversidad en las diferentes complicaciones del embarazo y saber si los probióticos tendrían efecto o no en la disminución del riesgo a padecerlas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the scientific evidence on changes in the microbiota during pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: A review of the literature published between 2013 and 2022 was carried out through the search of scientific articles in Spanish and English in the bibliographic databases NICE, CENETEC-SALUD, BIREME AND PORTAL WHO, PAHO, Portal of Evidence of the Virtual Health Library - BVS, LILACS, BIREME, EVIPNET, PUBMED and COCHRANE. The selection of articles was based on the descriptors: Microbiota, pregnancy, Gut microbiome, Fetus-Microbiota, Placenta - Microbiota, combined with each other with the Boolean "and". RESULTS: A total of 3,038 possible articles were identified and 137 were found suitable for the objective of the review because they were directly related to pregnancy and microbiota. Cross-sectional studies, trials, reviews, cohorts, case-controls, systematic review, or meta-analysis were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiota has been found in various tissues or organs that were previously believed to be sterile during pregnancy, and with this, it is suggested that all the changes that this stage entails can influence the maternal and fetal microbiota. However, despite the growing research in the area, there are still questions to be resolved to help solve the enigma of the changes in diversity in the different complications of pregnancy and whether the use of probiotics would influence reducing the risk to present them.

Administração de Lactobacillus para casei 28.4 como terapia adjuvante no tratamento da periodontite: desenvolvimento in vitro de formulação probiótica usando gellan gum e ensaio clínico randomizado placebo controlado / Administration of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of periodontitis: in vitro development of the probiotic formulation using gellan gum and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória do periodonto associada ao acúmulo de biofilme dental, com consequente disbiose da microbiota oral e alteração da resposta imuno-inflamatória. O controle da periodontite realizado por meio do tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico altera o ambiente subgengival e pode ser associado a terapias adjuntas. O uso de probióticos como terapia adjuvante a esse tratamento parece favorecer a modificação do biofilme bacteriano e resposta imuno-inflamatória. Entretanto, os probióticos empregados até o momento não são próprios da cavidade oral e, por isso, a busca por cepas originadas da microbiota oral tem ganhado espaço na tentativa de favorecer a aderência e colonização permanente dessas bactérias. Recentemente, a cepa de Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 foi isolada da cavidade oral, exibindo atividades antimicrobianas promissoras sobre o controle de patógenos orais. O presente estudo teve como objetivos o desenvolvimento de uma formulação probiótica de L. paracasei 28.4 incorporado em gellan gum para uso humano, bem como a avaliação dos efeitos clínicos da administração desta formulação como adjuvante no tratamento periodontal. Para tal, o trabalho foi dividido em 2 etapas, contemplando uma etapa laboratorial (parte A), para desenvolvimento da formulação probiótica; e um ensaio clínico randomizado (parte B, n=40), envolvendo um protocolo de tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico associado à terapia adjunta probiótica ou placebo. Os resultados da parte A permitiram encontrar a melhor forma de apresentação e armazenamento da formulação de gellan gum. Na parte B, aos 3 e 6 meses de acompanhamento, os dois grupos apresentaram melhoras significativas dos parâmetros periodontais (índice de sangramento, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e ganho de nível de inserção) em relação ao baseline, sem diferença estatística na comparação intergrupo. Como conclusão, uma formulação probiótica segura e possível de ser aplicada na prática clínica foi obtida; no entanto, sua administração não promoveu efeitos clínicos adicionais ao tratamento de pacientes com periodontite generalizada estágios III/IV e graus B/C (AU)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium associated with the accumulation of dental biofilm, with consequent dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and alteration of the immune-inflammatory responseThe control of periodontitis carried out through non-surgical periodontal treatment alters the subgingival environment and can be associated with adjunctive therapies.The use of probiotics as an adjuvant therapy in the periodontal treatment seems to favor the modification of the bacterial biofilm and modulation of the immuneinflammatory response. However, the probiotics used so far are not specific to the oral cavity and, therefore, the search for strains originating from the oral microbiota has gained space to favor the adherence and permanent colonization of these bacteria. Recently, strain of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 was isolated from the oral cavity itself, showing promising antimicrobial activities in the control of oral pathogens. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a probiotic formulation of L. paracasei 28.4 incorporated into gellan gum for human use, as well as to evaluate the clinical effects of administering this formulation as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis. To this end, the study was divided into 2 stages, comprising a laboratory stage (part A), for the development of the probiotic, and a randomized clinical trial (part B, n=40) contemplating a non-surgical periodontal treatment protocol associated with adjunctive probiotic therapy or placebo. The results from part A made it possible to find the best way to present and store the gellan gum formulation. In part B, at 3 and 6 months of follow-up, both groups showed significant improvements in periodontal parameters (bleeding index, gingival index, probing depth and attachment level gain) in relation to baseline, with no statistical difference in the intergroup comparison. In conclusion, a safe probiotic formulation that can be applied in clinical practice was obtained; however, its administration did not promote additional clinical effects in the treatment of patients with stage III/IV and grades B/C generalized periodontitis (AU)

Importancia del microbioma en la salud humana y aplicaciones médicas / Importance of the microbiome in human health and medical implications

Recientes investigaciones han relacionado la microbiota intestinal con la salud humana en múltiples aspectos. La evolución de los estilos de vida ha determinado un cambio en la composición de las bacterias intestinales, así como la implicación que la comunidad de estas ejerce sobre la salud. Actualmente, se conoce que la mayoría de las bacterias presentes en el sistema gastrointestinal pertenecen principalmente a los fila Firmicutes y Bacterioidetes, aunque también se encuentran otros grupos tales como proteobacterias y actinobacterias. A medida que se avanza en el tracto gastrointestinal predominan algunos géneros de bacterias. Los efectos de la microbiota pueden ser directos e indirectos, además, dependen de muchos factores tales como la edad de la persona, el grupo etario, la genética del individuo, la dieta y el estilo de vida. Durante los últimos años, la accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido tener un acercamiento más estrecho a la microbiota intestinal. Esto, sumado a herramientas bioinformáticas, ha permitido establecer relaciones microbiales entre la cantidad y estructura poblacional y las manifestaciones clínicas en el ser humano. Algunas de las afecciones estudiadas y que tienen relación con la microbiota intestinal son: la obesidad, la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con el cerebro, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo mencionado, se hizo una recopilación de información de carácter científico en cuanto a estudios relevantes que describen la relación microbiota-salud humana y casos donde se observa compromiso del organismo, al mismo tiempo que se describen opciones terapéuticas propuestas y un abordaje de perspectivas futuras.

Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual's genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives